What is the term for more current flowing through a line than the line is designed to carry?

The term for more current flowing through a line than the line is designed to carry is referred to as an overload. In electrical systems, each line or circuit has a specific capacity, often measured in amperes. When the current exceeds this capacity, it can lead to overheating, equipment damage, or even fire hazards. Overloads typically occur when too many devices are connected to a single circuit or when a device draws more power than its designated ratings. Identifying and addressing overloads is crucial in maintaining safe operational standards in any electrical setup.

In contrast, a short circuit refers to an abnormal connection that allows current to travel along an unintended path, typically resulting in excessive current flow. A surge describes a sudden increase in voltage that can occur due to various reasons such as lightning strikes or power restoration. Leakage refers to the unwanted flow of current through insulation or other unintended areas, which is also a potential safety hazard but is distinct from the throughput capability of a line. Thus, an overload specifically addresses the issue of excessive current relative to the line's capacity.